But neither is it Leeds, Liverpool, or Birmingham. Manchester, in this regard, is never London. He also stresses the long-term dynamism of such cities, involving success as well as decline, amid constant efforts by elites, political institutions, and citizens to maintain power and reputation that mark theirs as more than just another provincial city. Hodos’s categorization of “second cities” seeks to define systematic comparison in urban studies over time around important regional capitals, defined by industry rather than FIRE (Finance, Insurance, Real Estate) albeit deeply influenced by nearby world metropoles. Hodos notes in this comparative analysis, contemporary apex cities such as New York, London, Tokyo, and Shanghai have dominated urban studies of globalization, despite the intense differences between these cities and myriad smaller metropolitan centers. Theorizing Secondary Status: Urban Studies Seen through Manchester and PhiladelphiaĪs Jerome I. McDonogh (Professor, Growth and Structure of Cities, Bryn Mawr College) Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2011. Second Cities: Globalization and Local Politics in Manchester and Philadelphia.
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